Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Victoire Veysseire Julien: One of History’s Most Vicious Female Serial Killers



Below are texts of a brief English language report followed by a translation of a lengthy French article (plus the original French). For an article that gives an overview of child care providers who were serial killers of children see Death on the Baby Farm, an article which challenges present day politically correct interpretations of “Baby Farmers” who murdered children, making “social constructionist” excuses for sadistic psychopaths.

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FULL TEXT: The Court of Assizes of the Haute-Loire has just been engaged in the trial of a midwife of Le Puy named Julien, and her husband, a carpenter, on numerous charges of ill-treatment, and murder of infants under circumstances of the most revolting cruelty. The female prisoner accustomed to receive children of unmarried women, and which for a certain sum, varying from 200 f. to 400 f., she undertook to bring up or get place in some orphan asylum. They were then subjected by the woman to such barbarous usage that their death ensued in a very short time – in some cases by absolute starvation. These facts at length came to the knowledge of the authorities, and an outcry was made by the police. On searching a cupboard about six feet long by four feet widow, a little girl about two years old was found lying on a heap of rotten straw covered by filth; the body was one mass of putrid sores; two toes of the left foot had dropped off, and the bones of the rest could be seen exposed through the decomposing flesh. One witness, who had lodged in the house for three days, proved that the child had not been once moved all that time, and that at last it had not sufficient strength to cry out. By proper attention it has, however, now recovered. On a previous occasion the police had to make inquiries respecting a confinement which had taken place a fortnight before in the woman’s house; the infant was still with her, but so reduced by privation that the officer ordered it to be given to a wet nurse; it had, however, not strength enough left to take nourishment, and expired a few hours after. The woman and her husband had at another time gone on a two days’ journey in a cart, taking with them two infants shut up in a close wooden box. On their return one had died of suffocation, and the second on the following day. A child by a former wife of the husband being brought from a nurse did not long survive. The woman had been seen on one occasion to throw it naked under the table, where it lay almost insensible. She had also been heard to express her regret that the child held out so long. The husband was shown to have been accessory to these and other acts of cruelty, and, with respect to the child first mentioned, had boasted, that when it should be dead they would have a three days’ feast. The female prisoner was now condemned to death, and the husband to twenty years’ hard labour. The jury, however, recommended the woman to the Emperor’s clemency.

[“Systematic Child Murder.” The Atlas (London, England), Sep. 21, 1867, p. 8]

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FULL TEXT (translated from French): Last January, a midwife, Victoire Veysseire and her husband, Hippolyte Julien, were arrested in Puy, and immediately spread the most sinister noises in the poor and populous neighborhood they lived in, then in the rest of the city.

We were talking about children who were kidnapped and subjected to the most cruel treatment, newborn babies locked up in a trunk and carried away, victims torn from an imminent death, thanks to the action of justice. Long, meticulous investigation ensued; and if the results to which it has arrived are below what popular belief had imagined, there has nonetheless remained a long and too painful series of facts on which the jury of the Haute-Loire has just been called to rule. Mr. Combes, imperial prosecutor, and Mr. Marsal, deputy, occupy the seat of the public prosecutor.

Mr. Julien de La Bastie and Du Garay are on the defense bench.

The accused are Victoire Veysseire, wife of Julien, midwife, thirty-five years old, and Hippolyte Julien, cabinetmaker, thirty years old, husband of the accused.

Victoire Veysseire is a woman with strongly accentuated and vulgar features. His attitude is marked by an obviously studied calm; her language is most often sweetly hypocritical; but sometimes nature takes back its rights, and its anger against witnesses is expressed in violent words.

Hippolyte Julien is small; he seems puny next to his wife and always takes a minor part in the testimony; but when he plays an active role, it is to express himself with revolting cynicism.

The indictment fully discloses the heinous details of this trial:

On January 26, the police chief of the town of Puy was informed that the named Victoire Julien, midwife, subjected a young child to the harshest treatment, and that the existence of the latter could be threatened by violence to which he was exposed. This official immediately transported himself to the home of the Julien woman, and, having unexpectedly entered the apartment she occupied, he demanded that the child be presented to him immediately. After trying to deceive the police superintendent by showing him a newborn baby in a cradle who looked like he was completely healthy, she decided, on the threat of a house search, to open a cabinet adjoining the room; there immediately escaped from this closet a smell so foul that the police superintendent was suffocated.

The appearance of the place sufficiently explained to him the cause of these putrid emanations on the floor of the cabinet. It is only 2 meters 10 centimeters long by 1 meter 30 centimeters wide, adjacent to the Julien woman's bedroom, piled up with cloths impregnated with blood or diapers soiled with feces. In one corner of this cabinet, and in the midst of this accumulation of repulsive things, the Julien woman took a wooden cradle which she brought in the middle of her apartment; then presented to the police superintendent a repulsive spectacle.

In the cradle was stretched out a little girl who appeared to be about two years old: she was extremely thin and seemed to endure the greatest pain, but she could no longer, due to lack of strength, manifest her suffering except by plaintive and inarticulate cries. She rested in a heap of feces on straw and was only covered by filthy rags.  A vesicular rash spread over most of the body and gangrenous bedsore had exposed the sacral bone. The legs and feet form only a sore from which the pus drains abundantly. Two toes of the left foot had fallen off, and the bones could be seen in the middle of the decaying flesh. Death was imminent.

The police chief thought that the child's condition could only be attributed to culpable negligence, and he immediately informed the imperial prosecutor, who requested information.

From the beginning of the investigation, the magistrates acquired the certainty that the lack of care which had compromised the health of the child had been voluntary, and that the Julien spouses engaged criminal monetary speculation on the death of the children who were entrusted to them for extended time periods.  Indeed, they were engaged in a horrible traffic. They took care of newborn babies, at high prices, whom the young mothers abandoned to them, and, in order to gain more profit, they left them to starve. The little girl whom the police superintendent had saved by her intervention was herself destined to die because her death was to bring to the spouses Julien the entire possession of a sum of 400 fr . It was only after active research that the identity of this child was established.

She was born on May 13, 1865 of the named Virginie Vincent, living in Bouchet-Saint-Nicolas; the latter was delivered to the Julien woman. She wanted to hide the indiscretion she had committed. She eagerly accepted the proposition that the Julien woman made to take care of the unborn child. It was agreed that, to cover the expenses that the Julien woman had to make for the upbringing of the little girl, she would receive a sum of 400 francs. This money was immediately delivered to her.

The Julien woman first put herself in a position to keep the commitments she had contracted, and the child was placed with a nanny in the commune of Saint-Germain-Laprade. After various changes necessitated by the death of the women who were successively responsible for Marie Vincent, the latter was claimed on November 10, 1866, by the Julien woman, from the Gire couple, who previously had undertaken to look after her.

At that time, this little girl was no longer breastfed. She was strong enough to start walking alone. She had no organic disease and, on the contrary, had all the appearances of a robust constitution.

As soon as she entered the house of the Julien couple, the child was subjected to privations which altered her health, and soon neighbors, who saw the child only at long intervals, would notice that she bore on her face the traces the most intense suffering. No one was mistaken about the result that the Julien spouses wanted to achieve by refusing to give this little girl the most essential care. The Julien woman had expressed her guilty desires openly. One frequently heard: "Ah! if only she would die!” Julien herself had let out the guilty words.

He had said to the man named Gire, who expressed some fears to him about an indisposition of the little girl: "If she dies, we will have a three-day party. "It was therefore as a result of a decision agreed upon by the two spouses, that the child was left ulcerated by uncleanliness, to die in an atmosphere full of miasmas and unfit to breathe.

The investigation, moreover, quickly revealed new deeds like the preceding one, of persistent cruelty, which indicated in the Julien spouses a love of lucre and a contempt for human existence pushed to the final limits. The midwife’s past was looked into and it was discovered that she had killed many people, the first of whom was her husband’s daughter.

Julien, before marrying the midwife Victoire Veyssoire, was married to the woman named Rosé Bonnefoi. Their union had been quickly broken. Rosé Bonnefoi had died in 1860, giving birth to two twin children; only one of these children had lived, the other had died during birth. The Veysseire girl had been called to Rosé Bonnefoi to assist her in childbirth; and near the bed of the dying woman were doubtless born between her and Julien the marriage plans which wiould be realized a month later. The rush to form a new union had hurt Julien's family, and they made efforts to delay the celebration. But, from that moment, the Veysseire girl had, for him, taken an ascendancy that nothing could counterbalance, and the marriage took place, in defiance of all conveniences, at a time so close to the death of the first woman, that a witness reproached Julien for not having waited "for the weather to have cooled his hooves."

The domination that this girl exercised over Julien manifested itself emphatically when she heard the latter declare to the registrar that he was the father of a child whose daughter Veysseire had given birth several years earlier.

The household was not long in being disturbed by scenes of violence which often moved the inhabitants of the street where he had settled. Julien was constantly exposed to his wife's brutality, and, in the struggles that arose between them, he always succumbed to the blows of the Vevsseire family, who united to beat him. Julien sought, by retiring to his parents, to put an end to an existence which had become intolerable; but his wife knew how to bring him back to his home, and, to avoid the return of similar decisions, she broke all the relationships which united him to his family; she pursued her insults and threats against Julien’s father and mother until the day when these frightened old people left Puy to settle in Saint Etienne.

The fear that she had created around her allowed her to carry out, without being disturbed, the sinister plans that she had formed against her husband's line.

From the first days of her marriage, she had shown little affectionate feelings for their child. At his instigation Julien had stopped paying the nurse to whom the little girl had been handed over by the parents of his first wife the child had been brought to the wife Julien, who brutalized her and gave her food which was not suitable for her age, she was treated with so little regard that in a struggle between the two spouses, she had been thrown naked under a table and had lost consciousness when falling. It was a neighbor who, moved with pity, came to take her to give her the care that her condition required.

The ill-treatment to which the child was subjected eventually aroused general indignation, and the police commissioner intervened to compel the wife Julien to hire a nanny again. The next day, it was entrusted to a woman who only kept it for a few months, and who, for lack of payment, brought it back to her parents. At once the Julien woman resumed with new energy her system of tortures, which was to lead quickly to the result which she desired.

She gave her only unhealthy or insufficient food which she made her ingest by brutally plunging the spoon into the back of her throat she gave him, to rest, only a layer formed of a little straw, and dropped her into such a state of filthiness that a witness said that the filth ate her.

This culpable negligence was not long in having the most fatal consequences; the child lost all his strength and could no longer stand on her feet; they locked her up without food and without care for whole days in the cabinet of the bedroom of the Julien woman, hoping that the vitiated atmosphere of this little room would complete the work of the disease but life resisted all these businesses, and the Julien woman could no longer hide the irritation that the impotence of her efforts gave rise to in her. We heard her answer one day to a woman who asked for some care for the child. She will not die!

Her desires were finally fulfilled. On January 3, 1861, Marie Julien died. Mr. Oudin, godfather of the little girl, was called to attend her last moments, he came in a hurry, but the child was dead before he could be warned. He noticed that the little girl's face was transparent like wax, and that she was so thin that her bones appeared to be covered with parchment. He walked away indignant at the attitude of Mme. Julien, who simulated sadness, and convinced that the little girl had succumbed to the bad treatment she had suffered.

M. Julien could not be considered to be the accomplice of this crime, although he nevertheless had the courage to witness, without hearing a protest, the long agony of his daughter. But the prosecution feared to insult humanity by admitting, without being forced to do so by irrefutable evidence, that a father may have been associated with horrific calculations directed against the life of his child.

On May 20, 1863, Marie Boudol, widow Thomas, went secretly to the wife of Julien and gave birth to a female child, who was entered in the civil registers under the name of Adrienne; the next day the daughter Violatte [sic], who for some time had been boarding with the wife Julien, gave birth to a daughter to whom Marie was given the name; the midwife suggested that the two mothers take care of their children. His offer was accepted. The woman Thomas gave him 300 fr., and the father of the daughter Violatte [sic] counted 250 fr.

A few days later the Julien couple proposed to the named Pélissier to accompany them to Saint-Etienne. They were making, they said, this trip to buy tools which were necessary for Julien for the exercise of his cabinetmaking profession. It was agreed that we would start with good beech, and the next day, in fact, the sun was hardly up when the Pélissier woman was told that they were going to set out. She hastened to make her preparations; but already the Julien spouses had abandoned their home, and she could only reach them at a considerable distance.

The car Julien was driving had two seats and four wheels. The front seat was fixed, and it was on this that the three travelers took their places. The back seat was movable and formed a box by folding. It was firm when the Pelissier woman climbed near her traveling companions.

The journey was made to Yssingeaux, where they stopped at the Hotel Pastel for lunch. The Julien couple and the Pélissier woman were taking their meal, when suddenly a young girl entered the room and warned that the little children who were in the car were crying. The Julien woman got up suddenly, and went out, to the astonishment of the Pelissier woman, who did not know that they were traveling with children. On returning, the Julien woman confined herself to answering her questions: "These are infants whom I will try to place at Saint-Etienne."

The journey continued until Firminy, where they descended to spend the night. They took only one bed, and the Julien woman placed on a table two newborn babies whom she had removed from the car body. The Pélissier woman did not then seek to have more complete information. She knew the irascible character of the Julien woman and feared her anger.

Or spent the next day at Saint Etienne, and, after having slept again at Firminy, or returned to Puy during all this time, the Pélissior woman no longer saw the children. The Julien spouses had achieved their goal. One of the children died on the next day or two days after arriving in Puy.

The means used to determine the death of these children had been chosen with the intelligence given to the Julien woman by her special knowledge. It was not possible, in fact, that they could escape the various causes of destruction which united against them. Was the case closed? Was asphyxia, according to the doctor, certain or on the contrary, was it open? The air penetrating them, being charged with dust, was unbreathable for a long time, and in all cases the jump and jolts must have caused congestion in the brain.

The Julien spouses, however, did not have recourse to this process, which they used for the  other victims: confinement, deprivation of food and prolonged abandonment.

On June 19, 1864, Mr. Louis Berard, farmer in Polignac, gave the Julien wife a child who was born the same day, and who was the result of his daughter's misconduct; it is not possible to indicate the amount of the sum which was required by the midwife, because Bérard and the woman Julien seem to have wanted to hide it.

Fifteen days later, the police commissioner made an investigation to find out the various circumstances which had accompanied the birth of the Bérard girl; this official learned that the child of which she had given birth had been dropped off at the wife of Julien. He wanted to verify for himself the accuracy of this information which had been provided and went to the midwife who had been absent in the morning, it was necessary to wait quite a long time.

On the requests addressed to her, the Julien woman led the police superintendent to her room and showed her to a cradle – a small child, whom she declared to be named Régis Bérard. He was in a sad state: his face was pale, his features angular, and under the skin you could see the bones protruding. He remained completely still and did not even have the strength to cry out.

The police superintendent immediately understood the cause of this child's illness. The Julien woman replied to her observations: "The child lacks nothing, I gave him a drink before leaving", and at the same time she showed a vase in which was water reddened by a few drops of wine . It was the ordinary food of a fifteen day old child.

The next day, on a formal order from the police commissioner, the child was put with a nurse. The woman who took him wanted, on receiving him, to offer him the breast, but the child was already mortally affected. His face and lips were completely black, and he did not have enough vigor to suck up the milk which might have kept his life; to relieve him. His swaddles were untied; he was wrapped in filthy cloths. and a layer of excrement covered his back. Finally, he was devoured by bed bugs which had become attached to his body. He only survived twenty-four hours and succumbed, as the doctor questioned by the court recognized, due to the lack of care essential to his age, and especially as a result of deprivation of food.

On October 20, 1863, Marie Ribeyre, a servant in Fons (Ardéche), who, on the recommendation of Mr. Ceysson, doctor, had entered the midwife Julien’s home to give birth. After her recovery, she returned to her home, leaving her child to the midwife who, for 400 francs, was to place him in the hospice. The child was provisionally nursed in Puy, at the Pigeyre woman’s house. At the end of a fortnight, she brought it back to Julien's wife, who seemed very irritated, and who, seizing the child, threw him brutally on the table where her husband was working.

The Pigeyre woman, at the sight of this bad treatment, took it back and carried it away, agreeing to keep it for a few more days but she soon learned that the Julien woman was turning away nurses who came to breastfeed newborns, so she separated her permanently from the child. The Julien woman kept it for three days at home and then entrusted it to Mr. Champagnac who, responding to a letter, had come to fund her. She must have imposed this child on an absolute deprivation of food, because in that short space of time he had lost all of his baby fat and his skin was all wrinkled. On receiving him, the Champagnac woman was deeply affected and she reproached her husband for having brought him death. This child died the next day, without being able to take the breast offered to him.

The last fact retained against the spouses Julien is a child disappearance. The named Rosalie Grail, from the commune of Bains, was delivered on June 7, 1866, the child, who was female, was declared at the town hall of Puy under the first name of Rosalie. Grail Père agreed, at the request of the Julien woman, to pay the latter the sum of 2M fr., Which was to be used to pay the nurse; the little girl was to be taken over by her parents after a year. Upon learning of the arrest of the Julien spouses, Rosalie Grail and her father carried out active research to find out the whereabouts of the child, but their efforts were useless, the Julien couple could not themselves give the necessary information so that justice was clarified on the fate of this child.

To these charges were added counts of breaches of trust which, by their interconnectedness, should not be separated from the crimes to which they were linked. They consist in the embezzlement, by the accused, of the sums of money which had been delivered to them to pay the months of nursing of the children who had been known to them.

The hearing of the eighty-two witnesses called only confirmed the charges raised against the accused. As for the latter, they confined themselves to protesting against any homicidal intention; they rejected on purely accidental causes the death of the poor little beings whom they are accused of having deliberately killed.

After hearing the witnesses, Mr. COMBES, Imperial Prosecutor, spoke; the body of the prosecution. In an indictment which lasted more than four hours, traced the facts of the prosecution, and asked the jury to show all the firmness required by the punishment of such numerous crimes.

Mr. MARSAL, substitute, demonstrated in turn Julien's complicity in the facts including his wife is guilty, while recognizing that they should not be given the same sentence.

Mr. DE LA BATIE has challenged the evidence of the prosecution's homicidal intent. He successively discussed each of the facts and endeavored to demonstrate that not one of them, if it had been isolated, would be of a nature to be considered as a homicide which could not be fully explained by carelessness : a negligence, no doubt culpable, but which did not deserve the punishment that was demanded.

On the 8th, at the opening of the hearing, your defense of the accused Julien was presented by M. Du Garay.

After the reply from the prosecution and the defense and the summary by the President, the jury left to deliberate. They come back after only two hours.

The verdict is affirmative on most questions of extenuating circumstances are recognized in favor of Mr. Julien only. The head of the jury adds that his colleagues recommend Victoire Veysseire to the leniency of the Emperor [meaning a death penalty which would, by custom, be commuted to life in prison].

Consequently, the Court delivered a judgment by which Victoire Veysseire, wife of Julien, was sentenced to the death penalty, and Hippolyte Julien to that of twenty years of forced labor.

Victoire Veysseire, who during all this time remained motionless and mute, shows no visible sign of movement on his pale face.

[Judicial Bulletin. - Cour d'Assises De La Haute-Loire (Le Puy). Chair of Mr. Lacarrière. Audiences on September 5, 6, 7 and 8. Assassinations and attempted assassinations of young children. - Abominable details. Journal of Political and Literary Debates. (Paris, France), September 15, 1867, p. 3]

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FULL TEXT: Au mois de janvier dernier, une sage-femme, Victoire Veysseire et son mari, Hippolyte Julien, furent arrêtés au Puy, et aussitôt se répandirent les bruits les plus sinistres dans le quartier pauvre et populeux qu’ils habitaient, puis dans le reste de la ville.

On parlait d’enfans séquestrés et soumis aux plus cruels traitemens, de nouveau-nés enfermés dans une malle et emportés au loin, de victimes arrachées aune mort imminente, grâce à l’action de la justice. Une instruction longue, minutieuse se poursuivait; et si les résultats auxquels elle est arrivée sont au-dessous de ce que la crédulité populaire avait imaginé, il n’en est pas moins resté une longue et trop douloureuse série de faits sur lesquels le jury de la Haute-Loire vient d’être appelé à statuer. M. Combes, procureur impérial, et M. Marsal, substitut, occupent le siège du ministère public.

M. Julien de La Bastie et Du Garay sont au banc de la défense.

Les accusés sont Victoire Veysseire, femme Julien, sage-femme, âgée de trente-cinq ans, et Hippolyte Julien, ébéniste, âgé de trente ans, mari de l’accusée.

Victoire Veysseire est une femme aux traits fortement accentués et vulgaires. Son attitude est empreinte d’un calme évidemment étudié; son langage est le plus souvent doucereusement hypocrite; mais parfois la nature reprend ses droits, et sa colère contre les témoins s’exhale en paroles violentes.

Hippolyte Julien est de petite taille; il paraît chétif côté de sa femme; il ne prend aux débats qu’une part très secondaire; mais quand il y joue un rôle actif, c’est pour s’exprimer avec un cynisme révoltant.

L’acte d’accusation fait connaître complétement les détails odieux de ce procès:

Le 26 janvier dernier, le commissaire de police de la ville du Puy fut averti que la nommée Victoire Julien, sage-femme, soumettait un jeune enfant aux traitemens les plus durs, et que l’existence de ce dernier pouvait être menacée par les violences auxquelles il était exposé; ce fonctionnaire se transporta aussitôt au domicile de la femme Julien, et, ayant pénétré a l’improviste dans l’appartement qu’elle occupait, il exigea que l’enfant lui fût immédiatement présenté. Après avoir cherché à tromper le commissaire de police en lui montrant dans un berceau un nouveau-né qui offrait toutes les apparences de la santé, elle se décida, sur la menace d’une perquisition domiciliaire a ouvrir un cabinet attenant à la chambre; il s’échappa aussitôt de ce réduit une odeur si fétide, que le commissaire de police en fut suffoqué.

L’aspect du lieu lui expliquait suffisamment la cause de ces émanations putrides sur le sol du cabinet, nui n’a que 2 mètres 10 centimètres de longueur sur1 métre 30 centimètres de largeur, et qui ne prend jour que sur la chambre de la femme Julien, étaient entassés des linges imprégnés de sang de couches ou souillés de matières fécales; dans un des angles de ce cabinet, et au milieu de cette accumulation de choses repoussantes, la femme Julien prit un berceau en bois qu’elle apporta, au milieu de son appartement; alors s’offrit aux yeux du commissaire de police un spectacle repoussant.

Dans le berceau était étendue une petite fille paraissant agée de deux ans environ: elle était d’une moigreur extrême et semblait endurer les plus vives douleurs, mais elle ne pouvait plus, faute de forces, manifester ses souffrances que par des cris plaintifs et inarticulés: elle reposait dans un amas de matières fécales sur de la paille et n’était recouverte que par de sordides haillons; une éruption vésiculeuse s’étendait sur presque tout le corps et une escarre gangréneuse avait mis à nu l’os du sacrum; les jambes et les pieds ne forrmient a qu’une plaie d’où le pus s’écoulait abondamment; deux orteils du pied gauche étaient tombés, et on apercevait les os au milieu des chairs en décomposition; la mort était imminente.

M. le commissaire de police pensa que l’état de cet enfant ne pouvait être attribué qu’à une coupable négligence, et il prévint immédiatement le procureur impérial, qui requit une information.

Dès le début de l’instruction, les magistrats acquirent la certitude que le défaut de soins qui avait a compromis la santé de l’enfant avait été volontaire, et que les époux Julien faisaient de criminelles les spéculations sur la mort des enfans qui leur étaient confiés depuis longtemps en effet ils se livraient à un horrible trafic; ils se chargeaient a d prix d’argent des nouveau-nés que des filles-mères leur abandonnaient, et, pour on retirer un plus grand profit, lis les laissaient mourir de faim. La petite fille que le commissaire de police avait sauvée par son intervention était elle-même destinée e à mourir, car son décès devait amener aux époux Julien l’entière possession d’une somme de 400 fr.; ce ne fut qu’après d’activés recherches qu’on parvint à constater l’identité de cet enfant.

Elle était née le 13 mai 1865 de la nommée Virginie Vincent, habitant le Bouchet-Saint-Nicolas; é cette dernière était accouchée chez la femme Julien; elle voulait cacher la faute qu’elle avait commise; elle accepta avec empressement la proposition que la femme Julien lui fit de prendre soin de l’enfant qui venait, de naître. On convint que, pour couvrir les frais que la femme Julien devait faire s pour l’éducation de la petite fille, elle recevrait une somme de 400 fr. Cet argent lui fut aussitôt délivré.

La femme Julien se mit tout d’abord en mesure de tenir les engagemens qu’elle avait contractés, et l’enfant fut placé chez une nourrice dans la commune de Saint-Germain-Laprade: après divers changemens nécessités par la mort des femmes qui s’étaient successivement chargées de Marie Vincent, cette dernière fut réclamée le 10 novembre 1866, par la femme Julien, aux époux Gire, qui, en dernier lieu, s’étaient engagés a la garder,

A cette époque, cette petite fille n’était plus allaitée; elle avait assez de force pour commence a marcher seule. Elle n’avait aucuna maladie organique et présentait, au contraire, toutes les apparences d’une constitution robuste.

A peine entrée dans la maison des époux Julien, l’enfant fut soumise à des privations qui altérèrent sa sante, et bientôt des voisins, qui ne la voyaient qu’a de longs intervalles, purent remarquer qu’elle portait sur son visage les traces des plus vives souffrances; personne ne se trompa sur le résultat que les époux Julien voûtaient atteindre en refusant de donner a cette petite fille les soins les plus indispensables. La femme Julien avait exprimé hautement ses coupables désirs; on l’avait entendu dire fréquemment « Ah! si elle pouvait mourir! » Julien lui-même avait laissé échapper de coupables paroles.

Il avait dit au nommé Gire, qui lui exprimait quelques craintes au sujet d’une indisposition de la petite fille: « Si elle vient a mourir, nous ferons une noce de trois jours. »  C’est donc par suite d’un concert organisé entre les deux époux, qu’on laissait l’enfant ulcéré par la malpropreté, s’éteindre dans une atmosphère chargée de miasmes et impropres a la respiration.

La procédure ne tarda pas, du reste, à révéler de nouveaux faits accomplis, comme le précèdent, avec une cruauté persistante, et qui dénote chez les époux Julien un amour du lucre et un mépris de l’existence humaine poussés jusqu’aux dernières limites. On est remonté dans le passé de la sage-femme on a découvert qu’elle avait fait de nombreuses victimes, dont la première même avait èté la fille de son mari.

Julien, avant d’épouser la sage-femme Victoire Veyssoire, s’était marié avec la nommée Rosé Bonnefoi; leur union avait été promptement brisée. Rosé Bonnefoi était morts eu 1860 en donnant le jour à deux enfans jumeaux; un seul de ces enfans avait vécu, l’autre était mort en naissant. La fille Veysseire avait été appeiée auprès de Rosé Bonnefoi pour l’assister dans son accouchement; et près du lit de la mourante étaient nés sans doute entre elle et Julien des projets de mariage qui se réaliseront un mois plus tard. La précipitation à former une nouvelle union avait blesse la famille de Julien, et elle avait fait ses efforts pour en retarder la célébration; mais, dès se moment, la fille Veysseire avait pris sur lui un ascendant que rien ne pouvait contre-balancer, et le mariage eut lieu, au mépris de toutes les convenances, aune époque si voisine du décès de la première femme, qu’un témoin reprocha a Julien de ne pas avoir attendu « que le temps eût refroidi ses sabots. »

L’empire que cette fille exerçait sur Julien se manifesta pins énergiquement lorsqu’elle entendit ce dernier déclarer a l’officier de l’état civil qu’il était le pèru d’un enfant dont la fille Veysseire était accouchée plusieurs années auparavant.

Le ménage ne tarda pas toutefois a être troublé par des scénes de violence qui émurent souvent les habitans de la rue où il s’était fixé. Julien était sans cesse en butte aux brutatités de sa femme, et, dans les luttes qui survenaient entre eux, il succombait toujours sous les coups de la famille Vevsseire, qui s’unissait pour le frapper. Julien chercha, en se retirant chez ses parens, a mettre un terme a une existence qui était devenue intolérable; mais sa femme sut le ramener à son domicile, et, pour éviter le retour de semblables décisions, elle brisa tous les rapports qui l’unissaient a sa familie; elle poursuivit de ses injures et de ses menaces le père et la mère de Julien jusqu’au jour où ces vieillards, épouvantés, abandonnaient le Puy pour aller se fixer à Saint Etienne.

La crainte qu’elle avait fait naître autour d’elle lui permettait d’accomplir, sans être troublée, les sinistres projets qu’elle avait formés contre la file de son mari.

Dès les premiers jours de son mariage, elle avait manifesté des sentimens peu affectueux pour cet enfant; à son instigation Julien avait cesse de payer la nourrice a laquelle la petite fille avait été remise par les parens de sa première femme l’enfant avait été apporté chez la femme Julien, qui la brutalisait et lui donnait une nourriture qui n’était pas en rapport avec son âge on la traitait avec si peu d’égards que dans une lutte survenue entre les deux èpoux, elle avait été lancée toute nue sous une table et avait perdu connaissance en tombant. Ce fut une voisine qui, émue de pitié, vint la prendre pour lui donner les soins que réclamait son état.

Les mauvais traitemens auxquels l’enfant était soumise finirent par exciter l’indignation générale, et le commissaire de police intervint pour obliger la femme Julien a à choisir de nouveau une nourrice. Le lendemain, elle était confiée à une femme qui ne la, garda, que quelques mois, et qui, faute de paiement, la rapporta à ses parens; aussitôt la femme Julien reprit avec une nouvelle énergie son système de tortures, qui devait aboutir rapidement au résultat qu’elle désirait.

Elle ne lui donna que des alimens insalubres ou insuffisans qu’elle lui faisait ingérer en lui plongeant brutalement la cuiller jusque dans le fond de la gorge elle ne lui donna, pour reposer, qu’une couche formée d’un peu de paille, et la laissa tomber dans un tel état de malpropreté, qu’un témoin a déclaré que la saleté la mangeait.

Cette coupable négligence no tarda pas à avoir les plus funestes conséquences; l’enfant perdit toutes ses forces et ne put plus se tenir sur ses pieds; on l’enferma alors sans nourriture et sans soins pendant des journées entières dans le cabinet de la chambre à coucher de la femme Julien, espérant que l’atmosphère viciée de ce réduit achèverait l’œuvre de la maladie mais la vie résistait à toutes ces entreprises, et la femme Julien ne pouvait plus cacher l’irritation que faisait naître chez elle l’impuissance de ses efforts. On l’entendit en effet répondre un jour à une femme qui réclamait quelques ménagemens pour l’enfant Elle ne crèvera donc pas!

Ses désirs furent enfin comblés; le 3 janvier 1861, Marie Julien mourut; le sieur Oudin, parrain de la petite fille, fut appelé pour assister a ses derniers momens il vint en toute hâte, mais l’enfant était morte avant même qu’on l’eût prévenu. Il remarqua que la figure de la petite fille était transparente comme de la cire, et qu’elle était si maigre, que ses os semblaient recouverts de parchemin. Il s’éloigna indigné de l’attitude de la femme Julien, qui simulait la douleur, et convaincu que la petite fille avait succombé aux mauvais traitemens qu’elle avait soufferts.

Julien n’a pu être considéré comme le complice de ce crime, quoiqu’il eût eu pourtant le courage d’assister, sans faire entendre une protestation, a la longue agonie de sa lllle. Mais la chambre d’accusation a craint d’outrager l’humanité en admettant, sans y être contrainte par des preuves irrèfragablos, qu’un père ait pu s’associer à des calculs horribles dirigés contre la vie de son enfant.

Le 20 mai 1863, Marie Boudol, veuve Thomas, se rendit secrètement chez la femme Julien et donna le jour à un enfant du sexe féminin, qui fut inscrit sur les registres de l’état civil sous le prénom d’Adrienne; le lendemain la fille Violatte [sic], qui depuis quelque temps était en pension chez la femme Julien, accoucha d’une fille à laquelle on donna le nom de Marie; la sage-femme proposa aux deux mères de se charger de leurs enfans; son offre fut acceptée; la femme Thomas lui remit 300 fr., et le père de la fille Violatte [sic] lui compta 250 fr.

Quelques jours après les époux Julien proposaient a la nommée Pélissier de les accompagner à Saint-Etienne; ils effectuaient, disaient-ils, ce voyage pour acheter des outils qui étaient nécessaires à Julien pour l’exercice de sa profession d’ébéniste. Il fut convenu qu’on partirait de bonne hêtre, et le lendemain, en effet, le jour ne faisait que paraître lorsque la femme Pélissier tut prevenus qu’on allait se mettre en route. Elle se hâta de faire ses préparatifs; mais déjà les époux Julien avaient abandonné leur domicile, et elle ne put les atteindre qu’à une assez grande distance.

La voiture que conduisait Julien était à deux sièges et a quatre roues; le siège de devant était fixé, et ce fut sur celui-là que les trois voyageurs prirent place. Le siege de derrière était mobile et formait un caisson en se rabattant; il était ferme au moment où la femme Pelissier monta près de ses compagnons de voyage.

Le trajet s’effectua jusqu’à Yssingeaux, où l’on s’arrêta à l’hôtel Pastel pour déjeuner. Les époux Julien et la femme Pélissier prenaient leur repas, lorsque tout à coup une jeune fille entra dans la salle et avertit que les petits enfans qui étaient dans la voiture pleuraient; la femme Julien se leva subitement, et sortit, au grand ètonnement de la femme Pelissier, qui ne savait pas qu’on voyageait avec des enfans. En revenant, la femme Julien se borna à répondre à ses questions: « Ce sont des nourrissons que je vais essayer de placer à Saint-Etienne. »

Le voyage fut continué jusqn’a Firminy, où l’on descendit pour passer la nuit. On ne prit qu’un seul lit, et la femme Julien déposa sur une table deux nouveau-nés qu’elle avait retirés du caisson de la voiture: la femme Pélissier ne chercha pas alors à avoir des renseignemens plus complets; elle connaissait le caractère irascible de la femme Julien et redoutait sa colère.

Ou passa la journée du lendemain a Saint Etienne, et, après avoir couché de nouveau a Firminy, ou revint au Puy pendant tout ce temps, la femme Pélissior ne vit plus les enfans. Les époux Julien avaient atteint leur but; en arrivant au Puy, l’un des enfans était décédé l’autre mourut le lendemain ou le surlendemain.

Le moyen employé pour déterminer la mort de ces enfans avait été choisi avec l’intelligence que donnaient a la femme Julien ses connaissances spéciales. Il n’était pas possible, en effet, quils pussent échapper aux diverses causes de destruction qui se réunissaient contre eux. Le caisson était-il fermé? l’asphyxie, d’après le médecin, était certaine au contraire, était-il ouvert? l’air qui y pénétrait, étant charge de poussière, n’était pas longtemps respirable, et, dans tous les cas, les soubresauts et les cahots devaient déterminer une congestion au cerveau.

Les époux Julien cependant n’eurent plus recours à ce proceed; ils employèrent pour faire d’autres victimes, la séquestration, privation de nourriture et l’abandon prolongé.

Le 19 juin 1864, le sieur Louis Berard, cultivateur à Polignac, remit à la femme Julien un enfant qui était né lo même jour, et qui était le fruit de le l’inconduite de sa fille; il n’est pas possible d’indiquer le montant de la somme qui fut exigée par la sage-femme, car Bérard et la femme Julien semblent avoir voulu le cacher.

Quinze jours plus tard, le commissaire de police fit une enquête pour connaître les diverses circonstances qui avaient accompagné l’accouchement de la fille Bérard; ce fonctionnaire apprit que l’enfant dont elle était accouchée avait été dépose chez la femme Julien. Il voulut s’assurer par lui-même de l’exactitude de ce renseignement qui hu avait été fourni et se rendit chez la sage-femme elle s’était absentée dès le matin, il fallut attendre assez longtemps.

Sur les demandes qui lui furent adressées, la femme Julien conduisit le commissaire de police dans sa chambre et lui montra dans un berceau. un petit enfant, qu’elle déclara se nommer Régis Bérard; il était dans un triste, état: son visage était pâle, ses traits anguleux, et sous la peau on voyait saillir les os; il gardait la plus complète immobilité et n’avait même plus la force de crier.

Le commissaire de police comprit tout de suite la cause de la maladie de cet enfant; la femme Julien répondit à ses observations: « L’enfant ne manque de rien, je lui ai donne à boire avant de partir », et elle montra en même temps un vase dans lequel se trouvait de l’eau rougie par quelques gouttes de vin; c’était l’alimentation ordinaire d’un enfant âgé de quinze jours.

Dès le lendemain, sur un ordre formel du commissaire de police,’l’enfant fut mis en nourrice; la femme qui le prit voulut, en le recevant, lui offrir le sein, mais l’enfant était déjà mortellement atteint; il avait le visage et les lèvres entièrament noirs, et il n’eut pas assez de vigueur pour aspirer le lait qui lui eût peut-être conserve la vie; pour le soulager, on lui dénoua ses langes; il était enveloppé dans des linges sordides, et une couche d’excremens couvrait son dos; enfin il était dévoré par des panaises qui s’étaient, attachées à son corps. Il ne survécut que vingt-quatre heures et succomba, comme le reconnut le médecin interrogé par la justice, par suite du défaut de soins indispensables a son âge, et surtout par suite de la privation do nourriture.

Le 20 octobre 1863, Marie Ribeyre, domestique à Fons (Ardéche), qui, sur la recommandation du sieur Ceysson, médecin, était entrée chez la femme Julien, accoucha. Après son rétablissement, elle regagna son domicile, abandonnant son entant a la sage-femme qui, moyennant 400 fr., devait le placer a l’hospice. L’enfant fut provisoirement mis en nourrice au Puy, chez la femme Pigeyre. Au bout de quinze jours, celle-ci le rapporta a la femme Julien, qui parut vivement irritée, et qui, saisissant l’enfant, le lança brutalement sur la table où travaillait son mari.

La femme Pigeyre, a la vue de ces mauvais traitemens, le reprit et l’emporta, consentant à le garder encore quelques jours mais elle ne tarda pas a apprendre que la femme Julien refusait des nourrices qui se présentaient pour allaiter de nouveau-nés, et elle sa sépara définitivement de l’enfant. La femme Julien le garda pendant trois jours chez elle et le confia ensuite au sieur Champagnac qui, sur une lettre, était venu le chercher; elle avait du imposera cet enfant uns privation absolue de nourriture, car d’ans ce court espace de temps il avait perdu tout son embonpoint et sa peau était toute plissée. En le recevant, la femme Champagnac fut profondément affectée et elle reprocha à son mari de lui avoir apporté la mort. Cet enfant mourut le lendemain, sans avoir pu prendre le sein qu’on lui offrait.

Le dernier fait retenu contre les époux Julien est une suppression d’enfant. La nommée Rosalie Grail, de la commune de Bains, est accouchée le 7 juin 1866 l’enfant, qui était du sexe féminin, fut déclarée a la mairie du Puy sous le prénom de Rosalie. Grail père consentit, a la demande de la femme Julien, à verser & cette dernière la somme de 2M fr., qui devait être employée au paiement de la nourrice; la petite fille devait, au bout d’un an, être reprise par ses parens. En apprenant l’arrestation des époux Julien, Rosalie Grail et son père se livrèrent à d’activés recherches pour découvrir le lieu où se trouvait l’enfant; mais leura efforts furent inutiles, les époux Julien n’ont pu donner eux-mêmes les renseignemens nécessaires pour que la justice fut éclairée sur le sort de cet enfant.

A ces accusations ont ëté joints des chefs d’abus de confiance qui, par leur connexité, ne devaient pas être séparés des crimes auxquels ils étaient liés. Ils consistent dans le détournement, par les accusés, des sommes d’argent qui leur avaient été délivrées pour payer les mois de nourrice des enfans qui leur avaient été connés.

L’audition des quatre-vingt-deux témoins cités n’a fait que confirmer les charges relevées contre les inculpés. Quant à ceux-ci, ils se sont bornés a protester contra toute intention homicide ils ont rejeté sur des causes purement accidentelles la mort des pauvres petits étres qu’on leur reproche d’avoir volontairement tués.

Après l’audition des témoins, M. COMBES, procureur impérial, prend la parole; l’organe du ministère public, dans un réquisitoire qui a duré plus de quatre heures, a retracé les faits de l’accusation, et a demandé au jury de montrer toute la fermeté qu’exige la répression de crimes aussi nombreux.
M. MARSAL, substitut, a démontré à son tour la complicité de Julien dans les faits dont sa femme s’est rendue coupable, tout en reconnaissant que tous deux ne doivent pas être frappés de la même peine.

Me DE LA BATIE a combattu les preuves de l’intention homicide retenue par l’accusation. Il a discuté successivement chacun des faits et s’est efforcé de démontrer que pas un d’entre eux, s’il eût ëté isolé, ne serait de nature à être considéré comme un assassinat qu’ils pouvaient tous s’expliquer par une imprudence, une négligence, sans doute coupables, mais qui ne méritait pas la répression qu’on réclamait.

Le 8, à l’ouverture de l’audience, ta défense de l’accusé Julien a été présentée par Me Du Garay.

Après les répliques de l’accusation et de la défense et le résumé de M. le président, le jury se retire pour délibérer; il ne revient qu’au bout de deux heures.

Le verdict est affirmatif sur la plupart des questions des circonstances atténuantes sont reconnues en faveur de Julien seulement. La chef du jury ajoute que ses collègues recommandent Victoire Veysseire à. la clémence de  l’Empereur.

En conséquence, la Cour rend un arrêt par lequel Victoire Veysseire, femme Julien, est condamnée à la peine de mort, et Hippolyte Julien à celle de vingt ans de travaux forcés.

Victoire Veysseire, qui pendant tout ce temps g est restée immobile et muette, ne laisse voir sur sa figure pâle aucun signe extérieur d’én motion.

[Bulletin Judiciaire. - Cour D’assises De La Haute-Loire (Le Puy). Présidence de M. Lacarrière. Audiences des 5, 6, 7 et 8 septembre. Assassinats et tentative d’assassinat sur de jeunes enfans. – Abominables détails. Journal des Débats Politiques et Littéraires. (Paris, France), 15 Septembre 1867, p. 3]

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Monday, July 22, 2019

The Wisdom of Judge Florence E. Allen: "Women are more clever."


Judge Florence Allen was a trailblazing “first wave” feminist, but not of the Marxist variety. She sought equal rights – as well as equal accountability – for each individual woman.

Judge Allen cared about justice, not about politics, not about ideology.

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Judge Florence E. Allen of the Court of Common Pleas, Cleveland, Ohio, speaking before the Women Lawyers' Association, deplored the tendency of men jurors to render verdicts in favor of women litigants on sentimental grounds, whether the woman be the accused or accuser. It recalls the famous instance in New York City where the court ordered a curtain draped in front of the shapely ankles of Betty Inch. Because the men jurors seemed to concentrate their attention on the tears rather than on the testimony.

“This fault should be corrected,” Judge Allen says. “It is not born of chivalry, but of what men choose to call chivalry, something totally different.”

“Criminal men take advantage of this condition. They use women to perform acts essential to crime, counting on a woman to serve both as a screen and as a blind. They figure that if she is arrested she will be acquitted and that would weaken the case against them.” It is quite true that all men – lawyers, judges, prosecuting attorneys, witnesses and jurors – are inclined to be lenient with a woman on trial or in any way connected with a case. The leniency is not deliberate, but instinctive. Pretty women are all too likely to make men lose their balance.”

[Excerpt from: “The Woman Judge Who Gives Husbands A Square Deal – She Is Introducing a Novel Procedure In Seattle Where Tears and Sentiment Carry No Weight and Women Are Not Regarded Today as 'Helpless and Dependent Children,'” syndicated, Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette (In.), Jun. 26, 1921, sec. 4, p. 1]

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~ ~ ~ “WOMEN ARE MORE CLEVER” ~ ~ ~

By JUDGE FLORENCE ALLEN, First Woman Criminal Court Justice Elected in Ohio Supreme Court

Cleveland, O., Nov. 25.—There are a number of reasons why women are so often acquitted in murder cases. Here are some of them:

1.  Men have always sat on juries and men instinctively shrink from holding women strictly accountable for their misdeeds. Now that women sit on juries I expect the percentage of convictions in cases of women to be greater.

2.  Women are more clever than men in arousing sympathy. I had one woman, a hardened criminal, stage a terrific fainting spell in my courtroom after the jury found her guilty. It took four men to carry her to jail. She continued having these spells, so long that I had to defer pronouncing sentence. Finally I sent her word that the longer she acted so, the longer she would be in jail. Within a few moments she sent up word that, she would be good and received her sentence meekly, with no trace of feeling.

3.  Cases in which women are tried for murder usually involve circumstantial evidence only. A man may be tried for murder arising out of a robbery, or some case in which direct evidence of the past crime may help to prove the murder.

But when a woman murders someone it is apt to be through jealousy or some personal reason. Women have murdered for life insurance, but in general, personal reasons are involved oftener than with men and, because motives and the workings of the human heart are so hard to trace, the murder case against a woman is really harder to prove than the case against a man, which so often arises out of some other crime.

[Excerpt from: NEA, “Why Do Juries Acquit Women – Judge, Prosecutor and Defender Tell Reason,” syndicated (NEA), Freeport Journal-Standard (Il.), Nov. 25, 1922, p. 7]

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Florence Ellinwood Allen: Biography from Wikipedia

Belle Sherwin and Florence Ellinwood Allen at Woman suffrage headquarters, Upper Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 1912

Florence Ellinwood Allen (March 23, 1884 – September 12, 1966) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. She was the first woman to serve on a state supreme court and one of the first two women to serve as a United States federal judge. In 2005, she was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame.

~ Early life and education ~

Allen was born on March 23, 1884 in Salt Lake City, Utah, the daughter of Clarence Emir Allen Sr., a mine manager, and later United States Representative from Utah, and his wife Corinne Marie, née Tuckerman. She was one of seven children—five girls, one of whom died in infancy, and two boys. Her father was a professor and a linguist, and the family moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he was hired by what was then called the Western Reserve University and is today called Case Western Reserve University. Young Florence grew up in Cleveland, where her father shared his love of languages with her, teaching her Greek and Latin before she was a teenager. She also showed an early love of poetry, as well as a talent for music, and after attending New Lyme Institute in Ashtabula, Ohio, she decided to attend Western Reserve, with music as her major. Allen graduated in 1904 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and her father then sent her to Berlin, German Empire to continue her musical studies. While she was there, she worked as a correspondent for a New York magazine called the Musical Courier. Her original plan was to become a concert pianist but she sustained an injury that cut her music career short. She returned to Ohio in 1906 and took a job as the music critic for The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) newspaper, a position she held till 1909. By this time, she had begun showing an increasing interest in politics and law, which led her to take a Master of Arts degree in Political Science from Western Reserve; she completed it in 1908. She also took courses in constitutional law, and would have pursued a degree, but at that time, Western Reserve’s law school did not admit women. So Allen took special classes and tutorials, and became more determined to have a legal career. She attended the law school at the University of Chicago for a year, and then transferred to New York University School of Law. In order to pay her tuition, she found work as a legal investigator and researcher for the New York League for the Protection of Immigrants. In 1913, she got her Bachelor of Laws, graduating with honors. She returned to Cleveland and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1914.

~ Legal career ~

By her own admission, she was not a success at first. She only made about $25 during her first month, and all she could afford for her office was two chairs and a borrowed typewriter. As she told a reporter in a 1934 interview, “I had no clients. And I had no money. But I had great hopes.” However, in order to become successful, what she needed was some experience, so she did volunteer work with the local Legal Aid Society, where she not only got that experience but got involved with an important case about suffrage. As a child, her mother had taken her to see famous suffragists Susan B. Anthony and Anna Howard Shaw giving talks about women’s rights. And the belief that women should be treated as equals under the law undoubtedly resonated with her even more as a result of her struggles to be taken seriously as an attorney. She became even more interested in politics, and more committed to the cause of women’s suffrage. She was active in the Women’s Suffrage Party and began challenging local laws that limited women’s participation in the political process. And she argued one particular case that went all the way to the Ohio Supreme Court: thanks to her efforts, she won the women of East Cleveland the right to vote in municipal elections. During this time, she also became involved in another cause, one that would be important to her all of her life: disarmament and the quest for world peace. For Allen, this was personal: both of brothers died while serving their country during the First World War.

~ State judicial service ~

Once she won a few cases and gained the respect of her male colleagues, her career flourished. In 1919, she was appointed the assistant prosecuting attorney for Cleveland’s Cuyahoga County. An active Democrat, she nevertheless encountered opposition from Democratic party chairman Burr Gongwer. However, the appointment was approved and she became the first woman in Ohio to hold such a position. She then began bringing cases before the grand jury. She also continued to advocate women’s rights, even giving talks about her devotion to the Democratic party and the political process. By 1920, she was elected as a Common Pleas judge, on a non-partisan ticket. She was the first woman in this position too, and during her time on the bench she tried nearly 900 cases. Undoubtedly, her biggest challenge was a case involving gangster Frank Motto, who was convicted of the murder of two men during a robbery. With women on the jury and a woman judge, legal critics wondered whether the stereotype about women being emotional, and thus lenient, would come into play, but it did not. Motto was convicted, and in mid-May 1921, Allen sentenced Motto to the electric chair. Her meteoric rise continued when in 1922, Allen was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court. She immediately told reporters that she intended to keep partisan politics out of the judiciary. It was a promise she would keep.

In 1928, Allen was re-elected to a second six-year term on the Ohio Supreme Court. All of the winners in that election were Republicans except for her. She continued to be a popular figure in Ohio, honored by numerous civic groups for her fairmindedness; and lawyers who came before her praised her willingness to listen. And while she was not afraid to make the difficult decisions, even on death penalty cases, Allen was not just a “law and order” judge. She was also a mentor, who encouraged young women to become lawyers. She continued to give educational talks about the law, and she worked tirelessly to improve women’s legal rights. She was a proponent of jury service for women, at a time when many states still did not allow women to serve, and she continued to encourage women to be politically active even while remaining non-partisan herself. By 1930, her reputation was so positive that some newspapers were suggesting that she be nominated for a seat on the United States Supreme Court. Among them was the Christian Science Monitor, which praised Allen for her “distinguished achievements” as a jurist.

A pacifist, Allen was an opponent of war and argued that the only way to avoid war was to outlaw it. War must be made outlawed and declared a crime, she said. She also called for the establishment of an international court that have jurisdiction over purely international disputes and that international law should be codified on the basis of equity and right.

~ Federal judicial service ~

Allen was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 6, 1934, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit vacated by Judge Smith Hickenlooper. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 15, 1934, and received her commission on March 21, 1934. She was the second woman to serve in the federal judiciary and the first woman to serve as an Article III federal judge. Genevieve R. Cline was earlier appointed to serve as an Article I federal judge on the United States Customs Court. Her nomination to the prestigious position received widespread praise. Newspaper articles described Allen as “an able jurist” and a “profound student” of the law. Allen served as Chief Judge from 1958 to 1959. She was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States in 1958. She assumed senior status on October 5, 1959. Her service terminated on September 12, 1966, due to her death.

~ Women’s rights advocacy and pacifism ~

Allen continued her ongoing advocacy of women’s rights. She was a member of the National Association of Business and Professional Women, and spoke at several of their conventions, and was a member of the National Association of Women Lawyers. Allen continued to advocate an end to wars. In 1935, she was one of ten “outstanding American women”, with Eleanor Roosevelt and feminist leader Carrie Chapman Catt, to contribute to Why Wars Must Cease. In her essay, Allen asserted that wars “unleash demoralizing instincts” such as “callousness, cynicism, and greed.” She said they also contribute to numerous social problems, including the break-up of families, and increases in crime.

~ Supreme Court speculation ~

The press continued to speculate on Allen as a possible Supreme Court nominee. In early 1939, when Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis was about to retire, some of Allen’s supporters tried to persuade President Roosevelt that it was time to name a woman, and they reminded the president that Allen was extremely qualified. Chief among advocates on her behalf was Lillian D. Rock, former vice president of the National Association of Women Lawyers and chair of a newly created committee whose purpose was to encourage the appointment of more women to important positions in government. Allen was not named to the Supreme Court, however, and it was another male judge, William O. Douglas, who replaced Justice Brandeis. For the next few years, every time a vacancy occurred, Allen’s supporters would again suggest her, but to no avail.

~ Continued advocacy ~

On the Circuit Court, Sixth Circuit, she heard cases from Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee. In 1940, she wrote This Constitution of Ours. Even after World War II broke out, Allen remained steadfast in her determination to work for peace. She continued speaking and gave talks both in person and on radio. In 1944, the National Association of Women lawyers put her name forth as someone who should be involved in international peace negotiations. When the war ended, she continued to speak to civic groups, especially women’s clubs. Her message was that relying on the United Nations would not prevent the next war. It was essential for individual citizens to keep demanding that each country—whether large or small—have respect for the rule of law. “To secure peace, there must be justice,” she told 3,000 attendees at a conference of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs. “There cannot be justice unless there is a rebirth of moral principle among the nations. There cannot be a rebirth of moral principle unless the conscience of the peoples becomes articulate.” Allen herself remained a very articulate spokeswoman on the issues she cared about. She was regarded as such a credible figure that in 1947, the American Academy of Political and Social Science asked her to do a study of women’s voting patterns, to offer her assessment of whether women were in fact using the franchise, and whether they were active in the political process. In later talks, Allen expressed the opinion that while many women were in fact voting and speaking out on issues, there was a generational shift taking place. The dynamic women leaders who had fought for suffrage and brought about greater participation for women in other areas of public life were now deceased, and they had not yet been replaced. She expressed concern about this lack of new and dynamic leadership, and hoped new leaders would emerge.

~ Renewed Supreme Court speculation ~

Allen’s supporters again sought to have her appointed to the United States Supreme Court during Harry S. Truman’s presidency, but Truman seemed to be opposed to having a woman sitting on the highest court of the land. Allen was later told that Truman’s reluctance to appoint her had to do with his belief that having a woman around would make the male judges uncomfortable. “They say they couldn't sit around with their robes off and their feet up and discuss the problems.” Truman’s reluctance to appoint a woman extended to other venues. When there were more than 20 Federal court vacancies, his original list of nominees was all male; only after some influential women politicians protested, the president named one woman, Burnita Shelton Matthews, to the Federal District Court bench in 1949. After her retirement, she continued to do speaking engagements and began working on her autobiography. It was called To Do Justly, and was published in the autumn of 1965.

~ Death ~

In declining health after falling and breaking her hip, Allen died on September 12, 1966 in Waite Hill, Ohio, where she had been living with a distant cousin since her retirement.

~ Honor ~

In 2005, Allen was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame.

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The Wikipedia page contains footnotes; not included here.

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Saturday, May 18, 2019

Hell Hath No Fury Like Catherine Bouhours – A True Crime Historical Mystery from Early 1800s Paris


The Catherine Bouhours cases is one of the most fascinating of all known female serial killer cases. She was suspected of “eighteen or twenty” murders committed in Paris and was guillotined by official executioner Henri Sanson on May 16, 1808 while still in her early twenties (some sources state she was 22, others 25). A 1907 article on guillotine executions lists the conviction and execution dates and gives Catherine Bouhours age as 22.


1. ACCOUNT OF AN UNNAMED CROSS-DRESSING FEMALE SERIAL KILLER

If any true story can be thought a perfect illustration of William Congreve’s famous adage, “Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned,” it is to be found in the brief biography of Catherine Bouhours. The account published 29 years following the execution does not name the young woman, but the details of the remarkable murder career of the perpetrator provide an unmistakable match to accounts found elsewhere.

“About the close of the government of the Directory, the keepers of a hotel garni, in the Rue de l’Universite, waited on the minister of police, and in a state of great agitation, stated that one of his lodgers whom he named, had been murdered on the preceding night. He had engaged the lodging about six o’clock in the evening, describing himself as an inhabitant of Melun, who had come to Paris for a day or two on business. After ordering his chamber to be prepared for him, he went out, saying that he was going to the Odeon, and would return immediately after the performance. About midnight, he returned, but not alone; he was accompanied by a young and beautiful female, dressed in male attire, whom he stated to be his wife, and they were shown to the apartment which had been prepared. In the morning, continued the hotel keeper, the lady went out; she appeared to be fearful that her husband should be disturbed; and she desired that no one should enter the room until her return. Several hours elapsed, and she did not make her appearance; at mid-day, considerable surprise was manifested at her prolonged absence, and the servants of the hotel knocked at the gentleman’s door, but without receiving any answer. It was now discovered that the lady had locked the door, and carried the key away with her. The door was broken open, and the unfortunate man was found dead in his bed. A doctor was sent for, and he declared it to be his opinion that the man’s death had been caused by a blow of a hammer adroitly inflicted on the left temple. The female never again appeared; she was sought for in vain.

“In about a month after, a similar murder was committed. The victim was likewise a man from the country, and his death was produced in the manner I have above described. The affair excited considerable consternation in Paris. Within another fortnight, a third crime of the same kind was committed; and in all these affairs the mysterious female in man’s attire was involved. It is scarcely credible, but nevertheless true, that eighteen or twenty of these extraordinary murders were committed with impunity! In every instance, the little that was seen of the woman rendered it difficult for any one to give a minute description of her person: all the information that could be obtained was, that she was young, very pretty, little, and well formed. This description of course answered that of many women in Paris besides the murderess.” [Baron Langon (Étienne-Léon de Lamothe-Langon), Evenings with Prince Cambacérés, Second Consul, Arch-chancelor of the Empire, Duke of Parma, &c. &s. &., Vol. II, London: Henry Colburn, 1837. pp. 246-252]

It was only after “eighteen or twenty” victims had met their death that police managed to set a trap that ended the killing spree. The murderess was finally apprehended by an undercover officer who had allowed himself to be lured by the fugitive.

 “On her first examination, she gave the following romantic account of herself. She was of a respectable family and of irreproachable conduct; but having bestowed her affections on a young man, who had treacherously forsaken her, she had from that moment vowed implacable hatred against all the male sex; and the murders she had committed were actuated by no other motive than vengeance for the injury inflicted on her feelings.” [Baron Langon (Étienne-Léon de Lamothe-Langon), Evenings with Prince Cambacérés, Second Consul, Arch-chancelor of the Empire, Duke of Parma, &c. &s. &., Vol. II, London: Henry Colburn, 1837. pp. 246-252]

2. RESEARCH, FACT & FICTION

I first came across the case in an English translation of celebrated Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso. The single sentence describing the intriguing case text misspelled Bouhours as “Bonhours,” thus my efforts to locate other accounts was frustrated.

The celebrated Bonhours, a prostitute and murderess who wore masculine garments, and was as strong as a man, killed several men by blows from a hammer. [Caesar Lombroso & William Ferrero, The Female Offender, 1895, p. 131]

It was not until I discovered several long, and beautifully written, articles about an unnamed female serial killer reprinted in a variety of English language newspapers under various titles over a long period in the mid 19th century that I realized I had found “Bonhours.” Subsequent research efforts using information from that text revealed several new threads: a) the 1837 source of the text; 2) plus the fact that “Bonhours” was a misspelling of Bouhours, and 3) that the famous phrenologist Franz-Joseph Gall (1758-1828) who had collected plaster casts of criminals (among wider classes of subjects) had made a plaster cast bust of Catherine Bouhours.

Various accounts of the case contain variants of her story, some saying she had women among her victims. A brief retrospective account of the case appeared in 1855 in a Paris newspaper. In this account the name was given as “Manette Bouhours.”

[A]t eight o'clock in the morning, a young woman named Marye was surprised at home by a young man who, armed with a hammer, caused her the most horrible wounds. In defending herself energetically, she managed to open her window in the fear that her cries would attract the neighbors, the murderer had fled. [From: “Faits divers.” . . . It was only after six months of investigation that a woman, named Manette Bouhours [sic], who hid her sex under the clothes of a man, and performed the duties of a boy in a barber's neighborhood, was arrested, recognized guilty of these three murders, sentenced to death and executed. La Presse (Paris, France), 24 avril, 1855, p. 2]

In 1869 the story Catharine Bouhours came to be fictionalized by the popular French writer Alexis Bouvier (1836-1892), who produced a novel Auguste Manette – the male alias for the cross-dressing murderess (whether the name was invented by Bouvier or based on recorded fact has yet to be ascertained). A play based on the novel premiered in Paris in 1873.

AUGUSTE-MANETTE, a drama in five acts and six tableaux, by M. Alexis Bouvier, has been produced at the Théâtre des Arts. It is a crude but forcible drama, showing the revenge of a girl with whose affections a young officer has trifled. As this takes the substantial form of a triple murder, it is no laughing matter. [1875 production, The Atheneum, London, Feb. 18, 1875, p. 236]

A cover of a pulp edition of the novel from the 1880s shows a lurid scene of a hammer attack on a woman by a cross-dressing murderer. Its a sensational image that fails to convey the central theme of the story, a woman’s obsession with revenging herself against the male sex.


3. THE PHRENOLOGICAL BUST

The making of life casts to capture the physiognomy and shape of skulls arose in response to the late 18th century science of phrenology. Plaster casts predated photography and provided a way for researchers to bring back three-dimensional reproductions of living subjects “without disguise and without art as required by the needs of anthropology.” [“Anthropological Head Casts," Musée de L’Homme, Paris, France]

An inventory report published in 1956 describing the Gall collection, housed at Musée de L’Homme in Paris, describes a bust of Catharine Bouhous featuring “clavaium moulding,” a variety of phrenological marking that elucidates the psychological characteristics of the subjects as revealed by cranial anatomy in conformity with what was thought to be the “science” of phrenology.

Citation – p. 295: from the alphabetical list of the Collection Phrénologie du Musée de L’Homme: “Bouhours (Bonhours?). Fille, travestie, assassin. Buste, Gall 92; Calvarium, id. 204; moulage calvarium, Dumoutier 577. [Erwin H. Ackerknecht, “P. M. A. Dumoutier et la collection phrénologique du Musée de l'Homme,” - article ; n°5 ; vol.7, 1956, p. 289-308]

Gall himself described the head of Catherine Bouhours, indicating the areas of the brain thought to be the "seats" of her criminal propensities.

[I]n another criminal, to whom murder had become a habit; in Bouhours, who killed her victims with a hammer, in order to rob them of their money … In Bouhours, three organs had acquired a high degree of development. The excessive activity of one produced a propensity to steal; of the second, to murder; and of the third, to fight;—an unhappy concourse, which can only explain the atrocious conduct of this monster.” [François Joseph Gall, Organology, Or, An Exposition of the instincts, propensities, sentiments, talents, or of the moral qualities, and the fundamental intellectual faculties in man and animals and the seat of their organs.” 1835, Vol. 4 of 6 vols., Marsh, Capen & Lyon (Boston), p. 111-12]

Such “seats” were marked on the plaster cases of the subjects that Gall collected. The follwing photography shows what the bust of Catherine Bouhours, probably still stored among hundreds of other such casts, must look like.


The Catherine Bouhours case is one of the more remarkable historical serial killer cases and is worth the attention of researchers both for its criminological interest but also for its sheer story value. A search of the storage facilities at Musée de L’Homme backed up by an examination of extant contemporaneous legal records ought to produce fascinating results.

If some industrious researcher would dig into the Bouhours case, then, more than two centuries following the death of the cross-dressing female serial killer of early 1800s Paris, who was guillotined when barely out of her teens, we will learn the details of her story and learn what she looked like.

A fascinating “true crime” mystery awaits solution.

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[18060-2/19/21]

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Saturday, May 4, 2019

The Trophy-Collecting Female Serial Killer: Axenia Varlan


Serial killers – some of them, at least – are known to collect what criminologists call “trophies,” memorabilia of their victims. Sometimes they snatch a victim’s possession, sometimes their souvenir is a body part, cut from the victim’s corpse.

What about female serial killers?

We now know, due to research undertaken in the past five years, that female serial killers are far more common than the standard criminology literature claims. Yet the new data does reinforce a number of generalized distinctions between the sex-specific behavior of male and female serial killers. Most female serial killers  are at least partially motivated by financial gain. Most kill people they know, the exception being bandits who seldom operate solo.

Trophy collecting is – despite the fact that it applies only to a small minority of cases – well-known attribute of male serial killers. Famous instances include  Ted Bundy who collected heads; Jerome Brudos, feet; Charles Albright, eyes; and Jeffrey Dahmer, genitals. Other serial killers have collected clothing or other inanimate objects connected to their victims.

From the Encyclopedia of Murder and Violent Crime.

“A trophy is in essence a souvenir. In the context of violent behavior or murder, keeping a part of the victim as a trophy represents power over that individual. When the offender keeps this kind of souvenir, it serves as a way to preserve the memory of the victim and the experience of his or her death. The most common trophies for violent offenders are body parts but also include photographs of the crime scene and jewelry or clothing from the victim. Offenders use the trophies as memorabilia, but also to reenact their fantasies. They often masturbate or use the trophies as props in sexual acts. Their exaggerated fear of rejection is quelled in front of inanimate trophies.”

Until now, not a single female serial killer whose m. o. includes trophy-collecting has been identified. The exception, just found in the 1928 case of Axenia Varlan of Romanian Fundul Moldovei in the Bucovina region.

It was a severed hand found in a farm compost pile by a young maid-servant that began the series of events that led to the arrest of 45-year-old widowed farmwoman, Axenia Varlan. The girl reported her discovery to her mistress, who promptly threatened her and forbade her to repeat her story. After Varlan learned the maid had been talking about her mistress in the village she attacked the girl with a blow to the head with a hoe. But she survived. Another farmhand took her to the hospital where she related the story of the mysterious hand. Investigation followed.

It was found that Axenia Varlan murdered at least nine persons. She murdered family members and farm employees for financial gain, both substantial and trivial in amount.

When police searched her premises human ears and other human remains were found. She confessed to have cut them off the corpses of her victims, to keep them as "memories." Over a period of  four years she murdered and then cut into pieces her four children, her mother, her father, her mother-in-law, her brother-in-law and a sister of the latter. At her trial psychiatrists declared her a classic sadist.

In the indictment prosecutors charged that  “Varlan strangled her four children, aged between one and five years old, burned the bodies, and cut off their toes, ears, noses, and fingers, and kept those body parts in spirit as a keepsake.”

The trial took place in the picturesque little town of Kimpolung in front of the County Council, which had never before seen so many strangers within its walls. The building of the District Tribunal had to be cordoned off by the military. The trial is attended by fifty witnesses and a number of medical and psychiatric experts and covered by forty journalists. Hundreds of peasants poured into the town to enjoy the weird spectacle.

At trial Varan was asked by the judge why she committed the murders. She replied:

“I loved the smell of burnt flesh among the scent of fir trees!”

Axenia Varlan was examined by psychiatrists and found morally responsible. Convicted, she was sentenced to forced labor for life. A docile, unassuming inmate, she occupied herself weaving carpets and sewing clothes for her fellow-prisoners.

Axenia Varlan, "The Ogress of Bukovina," like hundreds of other female serial killers, has never appeared in any published list of serial killers. Now, 90 years following her conviction, she becomes part the corpus of a new history of crime – which sometimes alters what we thought was the settled facts, the “settled science.”

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NOTES

Name variants: Xenia Varlan, Maria Varlane.

Three cases of female serial killers who collected trophies appear to be hoaxes: Vera Renczi (1925) and an un-named Indonesian woman (2012), Natalia Baksheeva (2017, a couple who committed a single murder).

Contemporary sources:
“Une odieuse «femme Landru» en Roumanie - Elle gardait comme souvenir les oreilles et les doigts de ses victimes “ Paris-Midi (France), 4 Août 1928, p. 3
“Die Frau, die ihre ganze Familie ausgerottet hat.- Die Massenmörderin von Fundul vor den Gefchmornen. - Ein Sensationsprozetz inder Bukowina.” Das Kleine Blatt (Vienna, Austria), 27. Oktober 1929, pp. 4-5
Emmanuel Bourcier, “Le Bagne Des Carpathes - L'ogresse Maria Varlane,” Paris-soir (France), 18 Febrier 1932, p. 2

On trophies:
Hickey, E. W. (2010). Serial Murderers and Their Victims (Fifth Edition). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Hickey, E. W. (Ed.). (2003). Encyclopedia of Murder and Violent Crime. London: Sage Publications.

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